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The Last Strigoi Hunt: The Vampire Panic of Marotinu de Sus, Romania

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In the rural and more superstitious parts of Romania, the fear of the undead is not necessarily something of the past. Although mostly done in secret and as a family business, the hunt for vampires or strigois, still happens. Something the family of Petre Toma experienced when he was accused of haunting extended family after death. 

In the shadowed villages of southern Romania, ancient beliefs about the restless dead linger alongside the hum of modern life. For while the medieval terror of the strigoi, vampires and morois may seem a distant superstition to outsiders, in certain corners of Dolj County, these spectral fears still pulse through the bloodlines of families whose lives are shaped by old-world rites. And if we are to believe some of the comments of the locals, it’s not necessarily that rarely it happens, it’s just not every case that makes it to the newspapers. 

Read More: Check out all ghost stories from Romania

In the tiny village Marotinu de Sus where around 700 people live scattered around in the countryside,  locals gather in the village’s only store and bar for a chat, often drinking hard. If you ask them, they will say they have at least one vampire story in their families and that they have been thought to hunt down and kill vampires, or the strigoi since they were children. One of the most notorious modern vampire cases in Europe occurred not in some fog-drenched, Gothic past, but in February of 2004.

A Haunting in Marotinu de Sus

One dark night that December the year before, Petre Toma, a 76 year old villager had driven in a carriage pulled by his horse through the village southwest in the country close to the Bulgarian border. He was drunk and fell off the carriage, scaring the horse that stomped him dead. He was buried in the local cemetery and his family started their morning process. But it would not be in peace. 

In death, it seemed, he had not severed his connection to the mortal world and became a moroi, an undead. 

Moroi and Strigoi: Strigoi in Romanian mythology are troubled spirits that are said to have risen from the grave. Moroi are often associated with other figures in Romanian folklore, such as strigoi (another type of vampire). In some versions, a moroi is a phantom of a dead person which leaves the grave to draw energy from the living. They are also sometimes referred to in modern stories as the living offspring of two strigoi.

His own sister, Flora Marinescu, started to complain that her daughter-in-law had fallen ill and that it was Petre who was to blame. It was also said that their son and grand daughter became ill. The woman reported terrifying nocturnal visitations: a pale, spectral figure appearing in her room, its face unmistakably that of her deceased uncle.

According to Toma’s neighbour, Mircea Mitrica, she had been shouting: ‘He’s on top of me! He’s eating me! He’s killing me!’ She couldn’t walk and complained about feeling drained, as if something had taken her blood. In Romanian folklore, such occurrences were seen as ominous signs of a strigoi. Fearing this ancient evil had once again returned, Petre’s brother in law and husband to Flora, Gheorghe Marinescu, took decisive — and deeply traditional — action.

The Ritual of the Dead

They could have called for the local Orthodox priest to perform an exorcism, but he would have needed a permit, and they feared it would take too much time. After a couple of nights discussing and drinking, they decided to act themselves. After all, they all knew how to rid themselves of the strigoi according to the old ways. 

The first time Gheorghe Marinescu tried to do the ritual, he ended up drinking too much liquid courage and couldn’t use the shovel. But in his mind, it needed to be done. Marinescu gathered a small group of family members, friends and neighbours and tried again. Also in attendance was his neighbour, Mircea Mitrica. 

And after steadying their nerves with alcohol, the party made their way to the cemetery under the cover of darkness. They exhumed the body of Petre Toma to look for evidence of him being one of the undead. According to those present, they claimed that the man had what looked like fresh blood around his mouth, for them, clear signs of vampirism. 

After confirming their suspicions, they split his ribcage with a pitchfork to remove his heart and staked through the rest of his body for good measure. In some sources they say they sprinkled garlic over it, but this part is rarely mentioned from the sources of those actually in attendance. Many tall tales were added over the years of this mission. The neighbour, Mitrica, claimed that the heart was still pumping when they pulled it out from his chest and that the face of his former neighbour was red and his beard had grown. 

The group put his heart in a plastic bag and put the body back in the grave. According to some sources, they didn’t put it back with care, and left it in a state of filth, earth and decay. They went to a nearby crossroad to start the ritual, where the world of the living and dead meet. 

According to Gheorghe Marinescu, his heart squeaked and tried to jump away when it was burned on the bonfire, also something that happens to a strigoi heart according to legend. This was all to perform an age-old vampire ritual believed to protect the living from the vengeful dead.

According to custom, the heart of a strigoi must be burned. Its ashes are then mixed into water and drunk by those afflicted by the revenant’s haunting, believed to break the malevolent bond between the strigoi and its victims.

This is what they did when they went home and lit a second bonfire to make the mixture. They gave the tincture to the sick woman to drink. A local named Anisoara Constantin who lived there at the time commented in an article: ‘Well, the sick woman got better again, so they must have done something right,’

According to the party, they all went back to see the woman afflicted with the illness they tried to cure the very next day. She was better and could walk and talk without any pain and invited them all to her house to eat, drink and celebrate her recovery. 

The ritual, grisly as it may sound to outsiders, has ancient roots in Eastern European lore. The strigoi were thought to rise from the grave to drain the life force of their relatives, and unless dealt with through fire or staking, would slowly devastate entire families.

Modern Consequences for Ancient Beliefs

The following day, news of the nocturnal disinterment and ritual reached Dolj County police when his daughter complained about the disturbance and desecration of her father’s grave and corpse. 

The six who attended the ritual were arrested and charged with “disturbing the peace of the dead.” Despite their protestations that they had only acted in defense of their loved ones, they were each sentenced to six months’ imprisonment and ordered to pay damages to the family of the deceased.

In the end, they did not end up serving their sentence and had to pay a total of 900 Euro in damages to the family. The case drew widespread media attention, becoming a sensation in Romania and abroad, with international headlines decrying it as evidence of vampire hysteria persisting in 21st-century Europe.

A Legacy of Fear and Precaution

The case left a lingering mark on the region, but if we are to believe the comments of some of the locals, it seems that this case didn’t happen in isolation.  

‘No one is bothered who did it, it’s their own business. This ritual often takes place, but in secret, within the family. The problem comes when the police get involved.’ says 80-year-old Tudor Stoica in an article. 

In the nearby village of Amărăştii de Sus, local custom adapted to meet the lingering fear. Now, as a preventive measure, it’s reported that villagers drive a fire-hardened stake through the heart or belly of the recently deceased, especially those thought to have harbored grudges or strange tendencies in life. In the village where Peter Toma was exhumed, they also do something similar with knitting needles or other sharp objects.

Such rites, though rarely reaching world wide headlines, serve as chilling reminders of how the old beliefs still hold power in places where death is regarded with a wary eye and where the border between the living and the dead remains perilously thin. And most likely, this was not the last Strigoi hunt at all. 

As his sister and wife of the man accused of disturbing his grave, Flora Marinescu said: “What did we do? If they’re right, he was already dead. If we’re right, we killed a vampire and saved three lives. … Is that so wrong?”

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References:

How Balkan vampires captured the world’s imagination – Emerging Europe

A village still in thrall to Dracula | World news | The Guardian

Romanian villagers decry police investigation into vampire slaying | McClatchy Washington Bureau

“I dug out his heart with a pitchfork” | Michael Bird Writer & Journalist

I-am scos inima cu o furcă – The Black Sea

VIDEO/ Reportaj în satul unde țăranii au dezgropat un mort și i-au înfipt un țăruș în inimă. Oamenii încă mai cred că l-au împiedicat să devină strigoi și-au salvat o fetiță!

Strigoi – Wikipedia 

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Jure Grando: The First Named Vampire in European History

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Who was the first vampire in history? There are many legends claiming to be the first. And one of them is said to be the Croatian Jure Grando, who terrorized his village for over a decade before they took measures to vanquish this štrigon. 

In the dimly lit annals of European folklore, few figures loom as ominous as Jure Grando, a 17th-century peasant from the small Istrian village of Kringa — in what is today Croatia. His story, still whispered in the shadowy streets of Kringa, marks one of the earliest and most documented accounts of vampirism in European history.

Jure Grando’s name is forever bound to the ancient Slavic concept of the štrigon — a revenant, or vampire, who rises from the grave to torment the living. And his tale is a particularly chilling one. The tale of Jure Grando is notably recorded by Johann Weikhard von Valvasor, a 17th-century Slovenian historian, in his 1689 work The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola. Valvasor’s account lends the story a degree of historical credibility, as he was a reputable chronicler of the customs, folklore, and strange happenings of the region.

Istria: Istria is the largest peninsula within the Adriatic Sea, shared by three countries: Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy. 90% of its area is part of Croatia. The wealthier coastal towns cultivated increasingly strong economic relationships with Venice and by 1348 were eventually incorporated into its territory, while their inland counterparts fell under the sway of the weaker Patriarchate of Aquileia, which became part of the Habsburg Empire in 1374.

The Death and Unholy Return of Jure Grando

According to local legend, Jure Grando Alilović, born in 1579, was a stonemason who lived in Kringa together with his wife and two daughters according to town records named Ana and Nicola. Not much is known about his life, some say he was just an ordinary man doing his best, some say that he was an awful character. Some say that to become a strigoi, you were actually dabbling in dark arts and feeding on the blood of children when alive. 

Kringa from Valvasor’s book were Jure Grando lived.

 Some say that he was actually a good man and more of a tragic figure. He was in love with Ivana, or Rose in some variations, and was planning to marry her in a time where the “jus primae noctis” rule was in place. This was a law and custom where the lord of the land has the right to have the first night with the bride, and all the maritals “duties” that entailed. Jure opposed this, defying the monks of St. Paulines who controlled Kringa. 

The monks feared others would follow suit by his example, and got the leader of the town, Miho Radetić to kill him. Although he hit him with a hammer, it only knocked him unconscious. People thought he was dead and buried him. When he woke up, he started shouting for help. To cover their tracks they claimed he was a vampire and killed him, properly this time. 

It’s a fanciful story, perhaps not true at all. He did however die in 1656 and it could even have been natural causes as he was getting quite old by some of the sources. But unlike other villagers, his death did not mark the end of his story. 

For 16 years after his burial, it is said that Grando would rise from his grave at night, prowling the narrow paths of Kringa. He would walk and sometimes he stopped in front of doors, knocking on it, waiting for those inside. It was believed that if he knocked on your door, someone would die in the house in the following days. 

Villagers reported seeing his pale, grinning face in their windows. They started to call him a štrigon, a variant of the Slavic myth of a blood sucking entity closely knit with the vampire lore. With its close ties to Venetian word strìga, meaning witch. The case of Jure Grando was one of the first real people described as such.

He would even come back to haunt his widow, Ivana. With a grotesque smile permanently fixed on his face he was standing outside looking in. According to what she told the authorities, he also climbed inside. Sometimes, he would even attack and rape her.

The hauntings became so unbearable that the villagers, driven to the brink of hysteria, sought help from the local priest, Father Giorgio. Some say that Father Georgio was actually one of the monks of the order and had his own encounter with the vampire.  

Juro had appeared before Father Giorgio when he held a mass at his graveside. Some say that he was actually hunting down the vampire to put a stop to his terror. He had panicked and put a crucifix in Jure’s face and shouted at him to stop terrorizing the villagers. It seemed to work and Jure turned and ran back to the graveyard. County Prefect Miho Radetić was also there and tried to stake him with a hawthorne, but it simply bounced off his chest. A much more heroic character in the other version of Juro’s death. 

Gathering a group of nine brave men, armed with tools, stakes, and crosses, the villagers including County Prefect Miho Radetić and Father Giorgio, marched to Grando’s grave under cover of darkness in 1672.

The Vampire Hunt

Upon opening his tomb, the men reportedly found Grando’s body unnaturally preserved — his face serene and blushed, with a sinister smile upon his lips. Shocked and terrified, the priest attempted to banish the evil with holy water and prayers, but it had no effect.

The villagers then attempted to pierce his heart with a wooden stake, but even this effort reportedly failed until one man present in the vampire hunt, Stipan Milašić, decapitated the corpse with a saw or an axe. A horrible howl came from the grave and the vampire reportedly started thrashing and twitching in its grave before being vanquished. 

It is said that peace was restored, but the world was rattled. His children fled the city their father had terrorized for years and went to Italy according to some sources. 

How True is the Story of Jure Grando?

Now, how true was this story actually? By all accounts, Juro Grande has been treated as an actual person. And although there are in depth details, names, dates and the legend is very well known, there are still a lack of primary sources. 

About the other legend of him being a victim of the monk order trying to uphold the law of a jus primae noctis, there is still something that seems to be rooted in a fanciful story than an actual account as well.

By monk order, this probably means The Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit, commonly called the Paulines or Pauline Fathers, a monastic order of the Catholic Church founded in Hungary in the 13th century and held much power in Istria. How much they controlled the Kringa area and had anything to say in a law of “jus primae noctis” is dubious. But it is true they were a powerful order throughout Europe, especially in Istria. 

The claim of  “jus primae noctis” being a law was certainly a popular tale and perhaps to an extent a tradition throughout the world. But, scholars don’t think it was as widespread or lawfully right as the myths and anecdotal stories about it were. With that said, who really does now, it is perhaps more easy to believe than in a vampire legend?

Legacy in Kringa and Beyond

Today, the village of Kringa openly embraces its morbid history. It’s a small place with around 300 people living there today. In this typical Istrian village, consisting of a church, stone houses, ancient Roman dry-stone walls. Today, it is believed that his grave is located under a stone path behind the church, near the current cemetery in Kringa and that the church has more information that they are willing to share. 

Kringa: Source/Petr Štefek

Visitors can find bars and shops playing upon the vampire theme, and tales of Jure Grando’s nocturnal wanderings continue to fascinate those drawn to Europe’s darker legends.

Some say that the story of Jure Grando could have contributed in inspiring John William Polidori to create the vampire archetype in his story „The Vampire“. Even if it wasn’t a true story, it certainly seems like it inspired real people. 

Some still claim that it really was a true account, and he might have been one of the first true vampire accounts we have. And in the quiet cemeteries of Istria, some still claim that when the wind howls just right, you can hear the knock of a long-dead hand upon your door.

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References:

Vampire of Kringa – Secret Dalmatia Blog – Travel Experiences in Croatia

Jure Grando

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Arnold Paole: The Soldier, the Vampire, and the Blood-Soaked Village of Medveđa

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One of the first vampires that sparked the vampire panic throughout Europe in the 18th century, was Arnold Paole. A former soldier in the Serbian village Medveđa, often nicknamed Vampire Zero. 

Tucked away in the shadowed valleys of what was once the Habsburg-occupied Balkans, in a small Serbian village named Medveđa, a chilling tale took hold in the early 18th century. In late 1731, a field surgeon from the Austro-Hungarian Regiment, Johannes Flückinger went all the way to the Serbian village Medvegya on the border. A series of deaths had been reported and people were frightened that it was because of vampires. 

Flückinger traced the deaths many years back to what was believed to be Vampire Zero, a soldier called Arnold Paole. Arnold Paole’s story was so disturbing, so widespread, that it sparked one of the earliest vampire panics in the Western world, and left a trail of unease that still lingers in Balkan folklore to this day.

A Soldier Haunted by the Undead

Years before Flückinger made his reports, Arnold Paole was an Albanian soldier stationed on the frontiers of the Ottoman Empire. The hajduks were seen as either bandits or freedom fighters during the Ottoman Empire depending on what side you were looking from. After the Habsburg takeover, they were recruited for border protection in exchange for land. While serving in Greece or Turkey (accounts differ), Paole reportedly fell victim to a vampire attack. He sometimes mentioned Gossowa which might have been Kosovo. 

Terrified of becoming one himself after death, Paole sought to protect his soul. He allegedly tracked down the creature that had bitten him, killed it, and consumed a portion of its grave dirt, a ritual believed to ward off vampirism.

After leaving military service, Paole came to the village of Medveđa, a town located in the Jablanica District of southern Serbia. It’s uncertain if this is were he was born and returned, or someplace new he settled. There, he lived a relatively quiet life, but his peace was short-lived. In 1726, Paole died in an accident and some sources claim he fell from a hay wagon, others that he broke his neck. He was buried in consecrated ground, and life in Medveđa carried on.

That is, until the strange deaths began.

Illustration of a Hungarian Hajduk, from an 1703 book from Bavaria.

Within weeks to forty days after his death, villagers began reporting night-time visitations by Paole’s ghostly figure, pale and bloated, attacking them in their homes. Four villagers at least complained that he had come to them at night. Several residents fell ill and died in rapid succession. Fear gripped the village, and suspicion turned inevitably to vampirism.

The Exhumation and Horrifying Discovery

A local tribunal, terrified by the events and well-versed in vampire lore, ordered Paole’s exhumation, something the administration, or hadnack allowed. When his coffin was opened, those present reportedly recoiled in horror. His body, though buried for over a month, showed no signs of decay. His skin was ruddy, his nails and hair appeared to have grown, and fresh blood stained his lips. Fresh blood poured from his eyes, ears and nose.

This, according to folklore tradition, was the unmistakable sign of a vampire.

Read Also: Not too far from this village around the same time, another Serbian border town struggled with another case of vampirism that would reach the ear of western European as well. Read about Petar Blagojević: The Death That Sparked Europe’s Vampire Panic

Without hesitation, the villagers drove a wooden stake through Paole’s heart. Eyewitnesses claimed he let out an audible groan and a stream of fresh blood gushed from his mouth. His corpse was then burned to ashes and scattered.

A Second Outbreak of Vampirism

For around five years, the peace was restored to the village, although the fear lingered. That was until the vampire infection started to spread as a new epidemic happened in the winter of 1731. 

The villagers believed that the cattle Paole had bitten before his own destruction had risen as vampires themselves. Although they were slaughtered, it was too late, and they believed the infected cattle further created 17 new vampires who had eaten the animals. 

The locals held night watches and people started talking about leaving their homes and lives in the village for good. 

Another investigation was ordered. This time by Austrian authorities attempting to quell the region’s vampire hysteria. When the contagion physician Glaser arrived in Medveđa on 12 December, Initially he was there as an expert on contagious diseases, but he found no known causes that would explain the deaths in a scientific way. In 1732, military surgeon Johannes Flückinger was dispatched to Medveđa to document the situation.  

His chilling report detailed numerous exhumations, finding corpses in an unnaturally preserved state, blood at their mouths, and signs of vampiric transformation.

One of the first victims was Milica, A 50 or 60 year old woman. Glaser reports that the locals considered Milica to have been one of those to start the epidemic. Milica had come to the village from Ottoman-controlled territories six years before. The locals’ testimony indicated that she had always been a good neighbour and that, to the best of their knowledge, she had never “believed or practiced something diabolic”. However, she had once mentioned to them that, while still in Ottoman lands, she had eaten two sheep that had been killed by vampires. In real life she had been lean and slim, but after her death, looked plump and like she had eaten more than in life. 

Also the 20 year old woman, Stana was believed to have started the epidemic. She died after a three day illness two months before the surgeon arrived with her newborn baby. The baby had been buried behind the fence of where Stana lived as the baby hadn’t lived long enough to be baptized and was half eaten by dogs. She had admitted that when she was in Ottoman-controlled lands, she had smeared herself with vampire blood as a protection against vampires she thought was stalking her, as these had been very active there.

The sick had complained of stabs in the sides and pain in the chest, prolonged fever and jerks of the limbs. They also struggled to breathe. According to Flückinger’s report, by 7 January, 17 people had died within a period of three months (the last two of these apparently after Glaser’s visit)

Stanojka was a 20 year old wife of a hajduk who claimed to have been visited at night and choked by Miloje, a 25 year old son of a hajduk who had died nine weeks earlier. She died three days later of the disease. When they exhumed her 18 days after her death, fresh blood poured from her nose and her internal organs, skin and nails looked tough and fresh. Flückinger did point out that there was a finger-length red patch under the woman’s right ear, without, however, drawing a connection with bloodsucking.

An eight day old child that had been in the grave for 90 days, but looked fresh. As did the 16 year old son of a Haiduk after being dug up nine weeks after death. He also died of an illness in three days.  Joachim, another son of haiduk 15 or 17 years old, had the same story of a three day illness before dying, with signs of vampirism after being in the grave for eight weeks and four days. 

But there were people who didn’t fit the pattern of their corpse looking fresh. Milosava, a  30 year old woman and the wife of a hajduk was found with her eight week old child. Although their graves were like those of the vampires nearby, their bodies were completely decomposed. Rade a 24 year old man and the servant of a haiduk, was found completely decomposed. 

Also among the dead:

Miloje: A 14 year old boy

Petar: 15 year old boy

Vučica: 9 year old boy

Ružica: a 40 year old woman. 

The dead were dispatched with stakes, beheaded and burned, following the grisly protocols of local custom.

The Birth of European Vampire Hysteria

The Arnold Paole incident and Flückinger’s official report from January in 1732 he called “About the so-called vampire or bloodsucker, as seen in Medvedja, in Serbia, on the Turkish border on January 7, 1732.”, spread quickly through European intellectual circles, feeding an insatiable curiosity for vampire lore. It was one of the first recorded cases to feature systematic investigation, written documentation, and public execution of suspected vampires — long before Bram Stoker’s Dracula or even the Gothic literature of the 19th century.

The case of Arnold Paole cemented the Balkans as the epicenter of vampire mythology and inspired a wave of vampire-related pamphlets, academic debates, and terrified imaginings across Europe.

Criticism of the Investigation and Vampire Report

Although a man of science, was Flückinger’s report on the ongoings really a reliable one?

For once it was the blatant xenophobia and classicism of the report. Serbia had for centuries been the land of Turks and had been closed off for many Europeans. Their language, religion, culture and folklore differed greatly from the German and Austrian ways and when they met, it was close to a colonial meeting. A them versus us.

 Besides, the border town was a farming one, ravaged by war and poverty. He had no problem labeling the peasants and foreigners as vampires and let them be taken by the vampire panic that swept through town. But the wealthier Hungarian families, like the wife and her newborn baby, were let off the hook and reburied without any disturbances in consecrated ground. Making his own belief in his report sway. 

But what really happened? In many of the instances, the supposed signs of vampirism, could easily be explained by natural stages of decomposition. Like the bloating on the woman that had once been slim, as gasses amasses in the body after death. 

Some modern scholars think the disease was splenic fever, and there is some evidence that something like this spread among sheep in the area in the summer of 1731. Some speculated about rabies, although this illness is perhaps too well known that trained surgeons would have explained it as vampirism. Even at the time, people had science to explain what happened. Christian Reiter, a prominent Viennese forensic scientist, believes that behind all these cases was an anthrax epidemic, a common phenomenon in the past in the periods during and after the war. Anthrax is a bacterial disease that is transmitted from infected animals to humans and is often fatal.

Medveđa’s Lingering Curse

Today, the village of Medveđa remains largely forgotten by the world, a quiet patch of Serbian countryside. But those who know their vampire history understand its significance. The ghost of Arnold Paole, the soldier turned predator, continues to cast a long and uneasy shadow over vampire folklore.

In the dead of night, when the wind howls through ancient graveyards under a blood-red moon, one might refuse to believe that the deaths were the works of vampires, but the effect it had on modern folklore through the Balkans, and even the rest of Europe, were certainly real. 

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References:

Medveđa – Wikipedia

Decomposing Bodies in the 1720s Gave Birth to the First Vampire Panic

The Origins of Vampire Stories in the Christian-Islamic Borderlands 

https://web.archive.org/web/20060315125133/http://www.vampgirl.com/visum.html

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Petar Blagojević: The Death That Sparked Europe’s Vampire Panic

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The staking of Petar Blagojević was one of the first well documented vampire cases in modern Europe. The attention to this vampire plaguing the Serbian village caused the vampire panic that would last way into the next century, perhaps even to this day. 

Next to the Danube River and Silver Lake, the Serbian villagers in Kisiljevo are gathering around a particular grave. As they lift the coffin lid, panic erupts around them. It was like they feared, their once good neighbour and friend had turned into a vampire, an undead. With their wooden stakes held high, they pierced his heart and watched as the blood he had taken from his victim flooded out of his months-old corpse.

In the shadowy heart of 18th-century Serbia, nestled in the village of Kisiljevo, a terrifying legend took root — one that would ignite a vampire hysteria across Europe and shape the foundations of modern vampire folklore as we know it. At the center of this unnerving tale was Petar Blagojević, a simple villager whose death in 1725 was only the beginning of the true horror.

A Quiet Death… Followed by Unsettling Whispers

Petar Blagojević’s life, by all accounts, was unremarkable in comparison to the more famous vampires like Dracula’s Vlad Tepes or Madame Bathory. He was an ordinary man in a rural Serbian village, during a time when superstition clung to the edges of everyday life. But it was his death — and what followed — that would make him infamous.

He was born in Kisilova village, then on the far outskirts of the Hapsburg Empire, in 1662 and grew up to be a farmer like the rest of the villagers. Kisilova (Kisiljevo), a hamlet in the Serbia region that was returned to the Ottomans after the Treaty of Belgrade (1795) and briefly transferred from Ottoman into Austrian hands after the Treaty of Passarowitz. It was like many other post-war places, food shortage, epidemic diseases and an identity crisis between the Catholics and the Orthodox Serbs. 

But for the farmer, life went on, Ottoman or Austrian. He married, had children and lived a life without huge ripples until his death in 1725 of unknown causes. It is said he was buried with the usual Roman Catholic ceremonies.

Shortly after Blagojević’s burial, villagers began dying under mysterious and alarming circumstances after a mysterious illness took hold of them just the day before their death. In the span of eight days, nine people perished, each claiming on their deathbeds to have been throttled in the night by Blagojević himself, risen from the grave. Some say that it happened over two days. 

To make matters more terrifying, it was said that Blagojević visited his widow after the funeral, asking for his opanci shoes. She is said to have fled the village and moved away right after. 

It was also said that he returned home to his son and demanded food. The first day he came, he gave him what he asked for, but he came again and the son didn’t want anything to do with him. When his son refused, his father brutally murdered him by biting him and drinking his blood. 

The Vampire Hysteria Takes Hold

In the early 18th century, the concept of the vampire in Eastern European folklore was already entrenched, and people believed that entire villages had been taken by vampires during the Ottoman rule. But Blagojević’s case brought it into sharp, horrifying focus. Terrified, the villagers demanded action and petitioned the local Austrian authorities for permission to exhume Blagojević’s corpse.

Austrian official and Kameral Provisor, Ernst Frombald, stationed in Kisiljevo, reluctantly agreed, documenting the entire event in a chilling report now considered one of the earliest recorded vampire incidents in European history. In his written record, he used for the first time the Serbian word, Vampire that would take hold in most European languages unchanged going forward. 

The case of Blagojević was brought to his attention, ten weeks after his death. Some say he was only dead a few days before the exhumation. Some sources place the exhumation to April. Frombald is said to have wanted to wait for orders from Belgrad, but feared there would be an uproar if he didn’t act fast. 

The Unearthed Horror of Vampires

When Blagojević’s grave was opened, the villagers, the Veliko Gradiste priest who tagged along and Frombald alike recoiled at what they saw. 

The body was unnaturally well-preserved. The hair and beard had continued to grow. Fresh blood stained the mouth and lips and the skin appeared ruddy and flush, as if alive. He said: “First of all, I did not smell the faintest odor normally characteristic of the dead. With the exception of the nose, which is about to fall off, is completely fresh… Not without wonder I saw fresh blood in his mouth, which according to common observation he had sucked from the people he had killed.”

These ghastly signs, interpreted through the lens of superstition, confirmed to the villagers that Blagojević had become a vampire. Even an erection was present as the account says: “and there were other wild signs, which I omit here out of great respect.”

Without hesitation, they drove a wooden hawthorn stake through his heart. According to witnesses, fresh blood spurted from the wound, and an audible groan escaped the corpse’s lips. The villagers then burned the body to ash — a time-honored method of purging a vampire from the earth.

His victims were also reburied with garlic and whitethorn placed with each corpse in their grave so they wouldn’t come back as vampires. 

A Panic Spreads Across Europe

What might have remained a grim village legend took on a life of its own when Frombald’s detailed report reached Austrian authorities in Belgrade, and from there, Vienna. Authorities didn’t really care about what happened, but the mass media certainly did. The account was printed first in Wienerisches Diarium before several newspapers across Europe wrote about it as well, sparking a wave of vampire hysteria in the early 18th century.

Similar exhumations and suspected vampire cases soon surfaced in Serbia, Romania, and Hungary. These incidents — notably the cases of Arnold Paole and Jure Grando — fueled the burgeoning obsession with the undead, leading to widespread vampire panics and numerous official investigations sanctioned by the Habsburg monarchy.

The First “Modern” Vampire

Petar Blagojević’s case holds a particularly important place in vampire lore. His story, meticulously documented and widely circulated, became one of the foundational tales contributing to Europe’s fascination with vampires.

The details of his death and supposed return share eerie similarities with characteristics later popularized in literature and pop culture. But what really happened during his death? Some have tried to attribute his death to a disease, perhaps he was patient zero of the illness that took away his so called victims lives. 

What happened with his family is uncertain though. Did his wife run away, and was his son murdered by biting him to death, or was he as well taken by the mysterious illness?

What Really Happened to Blagojević and the Vampire Panic

If it wasn’t vampires, what happened then? After centuries of urbanization, space for the dead started to become more limited ever since the 11th century really. Corpses were buried closer to the living and higher up, not really decomposing in peace as they should. The stench of decomposing flesh from overfilled tombs was warned about in the bigger cities in Europe and with it came horrible diseases like the plague, smallpox and dysentery. 

All it needed was a heavy rainstorm or dog burying in the shallow graves for them to rise from their graves, someone looking not nearly decomposed as the living wanted them to look. 

After the reformation, the notions of saints weren’t a thing anymore, and those corpses that would have been seen as holy centuries back perhaps, were now something demonic and evil. 

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References:

Decomposing Bodies in the 1720s Gave Birth to the First Vampire Panic

Kisiljevo Cemetery – Atlas Obscura

Priča o Petru Blagojeviću ili kako je srpska riječ “vampir” ušla u evropske jezike – Moja Hercegovina